Max Business

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The main sources of short-term finance are:

Trade Credit: It refers to credit granted bygone business firm to another. Trade credit is granted without any security for periods ranging from seven days to six months. The price charged for goods supplied on credit is generally higher than that charged on cash sales.

Bank Credit: Commercial banks provide short-terms finance to business in the form of overdraft, accredit, discounting of bills, and advances. Credit is provided gnome security and interest is charges.

Installment Credit: Under this system, a businessman can buy a buy an asset without making full payment. The amount is payable uninstallers along with interest.

Hire Purchase: In this system also price is payable in installments. But each installment is created as a hire charge. The buyer becomes owner of the asset after payment of the last installment.

Lease Finance: The owner of the asset hires it out to a business firm for a fixed period and/or rent. After the expiry of lease period the owner may sell the asset to the lessee or may take it back.

Commercial Paper: A company can issue commercial paper than matures payment between three and six months. The company must satisfy the prescribed conditions before issuing such paper.

Customer Advances: A business firm can raise short-term finance by asking its customers to make advance payment against goose ordered by them.

On the basis of the purpose to be served, there are three types of finance.

Long-term Finance: Funds invested in thousands for a long period, see more than five years are called long-term finance. This type of finance is used for acquiring fixed assets like land and buildings, plant and machinery, etc. The amount of long-term finance required depends on the nature a size of business. A manufacturing concern needs more long-tar finance than a trading firm. Similarly, large business firms require more long-term funds than small firms.

Medium- term Finance: Funds required for modernization of plant and machinery, introduction of a new product, adoption of new methods of production or distribution or advertising campaigns are called medium tar-finance. Medium-term finance is required for a period of two to five years.

Short- term Finance: This type of finance is required to hold stocks of raw materials and finished goods and to meet day-to-day expenses. Short-term finance is also known as working capital. It I required for a short period of unto one year. The amount of short-term finance required depends month nature of business, volume of binges and the time ape between commencement of production (or purchase of goose) and their sale. A trading firm needs more working capital whereas a manufacturing firmer quire more fixed capital. A rage enterprise needs more working capital than a small enterprise. If the time gap between production and sale is long, greater working capitalist required. For example, a hand loom requires more working capital than a power loom.

Short-term finance is required to meet the working capital requirements of business.� It is required for a short period of unto one year for holding stock of raw materials and finished goods and to pay for the day-to-day expenses. There is a time gap between production and sales.� Short-term finance is required dicing this gap.� Short-term finance is knows as working capital or circulating capital. The production and sale cycle is generally completed in one year. Therefore, short-term funds are used again and again form year to year.� The amount of short-term finance required depends on the nature of business, time gap between start of production and sale of goods and volume of business.� A trading concern needs more short-term capital than a manufacturing concern. When the time gap between the stat of production and sale of goods is long, more short-terms funds are required.� A large scald firm needs moor short-term funds than a small scald firm.

Long-term finance reefs to the funds required for procuring fixed asses and for expansion and growth of business.� Fixed assets include those asses which are used infusions to generate revenue.� Land and buildings, plant and machinery, furniture and fixtures, etc. are examples of fixed assets. Long-term finance is required for a long void (say more than five years). It is also known as fixed capital.� The amount of long-term finance required depends on the nature and size of businesses.� For example, a manufacturing firm requires more long-term funds than a trading firm.� Similarly, a large scale manufacturing enterprise requires greater long-term finance than a small scale firm.

Funds required for investment impermanent working capital and repayment of loans is called medium-term finance.� It is also used for modernization of plant and machinery, introduction of a new product, adoption of new methods of production or distribution, advertisement campaign, etc.� Medium-term finance is required for a period of exceeding one year but not more than five years.� Need for medium-term finance often arises due to changes in technology and increasing competition.� The amount of medium-term finance required depends when the nature and purpose of investment.

Business finance means money or funds required and used beguines firms. Financing means making money available when it is needed.� In the worst or Ronald Burns, financing is the process of organizing the flow of funds so that a business can carry out its objectives in the most efficient manner an meet the obligations as they fall due.
Business finance refers to procurement and utilization of money for business purpose. Every business enterprise requires some money to start with. Moneys also required bridging the time gap between production and sale of goods.� However, he amount of fiancé required differs form one business enterprise to another depending upon denature and scale of operations. The amount of funds almoner’s from one time period to anther.

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Wholesales perform several useful functions and services. At the same time there is a growing demand for elimination wholesalers.
Case for Elimination
The arguments given for elimination off wholesalers are as follows:
Burden of Consumers: Wholesalers increase the cost of marketing. Their profit margin increases prices or consumers. In some cases consumers have to pay as much as 30 percent higher price due to the presence of wholesalers.
Unnecessary Hindrance: Wholesalers slow down the movement of goods form the producer to consume. If they are eliminated, the producer will be able to establish direct links with retails. Therefore, consumers will get products more quickly.

Better Alternatives: Large scale retail organizations such as departmental stores, multiple shops and consumer cooperatives can directly buy goose form produced. They offer a better alternative to wholesaler.

No Risk Bearing: Wholesales assume little risk during normal times. During strikes and lockouts also produces rather than wholesalers bear the risk of loss.
Unreliable: A wholesaler maintains his lines with a producer only when it serves his interests. As soon as he gees better terms elsewhere, he changes his loyalty to other produces.

Price Rigging: Wholesalers often push up prices by creating artificial shortage of goose. Moreover, wholesales promote only those products which give them highest profit margins.

Ase Against Middlemen:
People who oppose elimination f wholesalers offer the following arguments:
Relief to Manufacturers: If wholesales are eliminated produces will themselves have to distribute gods. They will not be able to concentrate fully on production. Moreover, small produces have neither the money nor the item undertake distribution of goods.
Storage of Goods; Without wholesales, producers and retails would have to maintain large stocks of goods.
Relief to Retailers: In the absence of wholesalers, retailers will have to spend time and money on collecting goods from different producers.
Risk Bearing: When wholesalers are eliminated, manufactures and retails will have to bear the risks of keeping large stocks of goods.
Financing; Wholesales make ash payments to produces and allow credit to retailers. Their elimination wood deprives boot producers and retailers of an important source of finance require for distribution of goods.
Economies of Scale: Wholesalers carry out mass distribute of goods which intern permits mass product. Elimination of wholesalers will reduce the scale of operations and economies of scale will be lost.

Wholesalers are of three types:
Manufacturer wholesalers
Retail wholesalers
Pure wholesalers.

Wholesalers may be classified into three types as under:

Manufacturer Wholesaler: This type of wholesaler undertakes production of goods as well as their distribution to retailers. Usually, heroes not deal in goose manufactured by other firms. He is in a position to minimize the overhead expenses on transpiration, warehousing, etc. by combining manufacturing an distribution activities.
Retail Wholesaler: He sells to entailers as well s to urinate consumers. He combines wholesale retail activities. This enables him to establish direct contact with the consumers and to reduce the costs of distribution. He is in a position to now the preferences of consumers.
Pure Wholesaler: A pure or true wholesaler does not engage introduction or retail trade. He concentrates on buying form manufactures a selling to the retailers. He is also known as merchant wholesaler. He cans betted serve other produces and retailers. According to Evelyn Thomas, “a true wholesaler is neither a manufacturer nor a retailer at aces as a link between the two”.

Arguments in favor of social responsibilities of business are given below:

• It is in the long term interest of business to assume social responsibilities

• Business can abode government control by discharging its responsibility to society

• Socially responsible business behavior will help to improve the public image of business has power over society. This power should be balance with responsibility

• Business has the talent and resources to help society

• Business is a part of society an creates problems like pollution which it should take care of

• Business gets resources form the society

• It is morally justified to assume social responsibility